Definisi & Evolusi Konsep Collaborative Governance
Definisi & Evolusi Konsep Collaborative Governance
1. Definisi Utama
1.1 Ansell & Gash (2008) — Definisi Restriktif
“A governing arrangement where one or more public agencies directly engage non-state stakeholders in a collective decision-making process that is formal, consensus-oriented, and deliberative and that aims to make or implement public policy or manage public programs or assets.”
— Ansell & Gash, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543-571
Enam Kriteria Kunci: 1. Forum diinisiasi oleh lembaga publik/instansi 2. Peserta meliputi aktor non-negara 3. Peserta terlibat langsung dalam pengambilan keputusan (bukan sekadar dikonsultasi) 4. Forum terorganisasi formal dan bertemu secara kolektif 5. Forum bertujuan mencapai keputusan berdasarkan konsensus 6. Fokus kolaborasi adalah kebijakan publik atau manajemen publik
Karakteristik: - Lebih restriktif dari definisi CG lainnya - Membedakan CG dari partisipatory management, network governance, stakeholder governance - Menekankan bahwa CG tidak hanya konsultatif tetapi involves two-way communication and influence
Sumber: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1271032
1.2 Emerson, Nabatchi & Balogh (2012) — Definisi Luas
“The processes and structures of public policy decision making and management that engage people constructively across the boundaries of public agencies, levels of government, and/or the public, private and civic spheres in order to carry out a public purpose that could not otherwise be accomplished.”
— Emerson, Nabatchi & Balogh, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(1), 1-29
Perbedaan dengan Ansell & Gash: - Lebih luas — tidak terbatas pada forum formal yang diinisiasi pemerintah - Mencakup “multipartner governance” termasuk partnerships antara negara, sektor swasta, masyarakat sipil, dan komunitas - Mencakup joined-up government, public-private partnerships, co-management regimes - Dapat diterapkan pada participatory governance dan civic engagement - Mengakui bahwa keterlibatan warga dan publik dalam CG dapat bervariasi
Sumber: https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article/22/1/1/944908
1.3 Oxford Research Encyclopedia (2016)
“Collaborative governance (CG) refers to a mode of policy and service delivery that shifts away from government- or market-centric settings to a setting in which public, private nonprofit, and private business actors are jointly involved in and accountable for policymaking and service delivery to create public value that could otherwise not be achieved.”
Konteks: - CG muncul karena masalah sosial menjadi increasingly “wicked” - CG adalah successor dari Traditional Public Administration (birokrasi Weber) dan New Public Management - CG membedakan diri dari NPM dengan menekankan joint decision-making, implementation, dan shared accountability
Sumber: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
1.4 Gray & Purdy (2018)
“CG is a specific, more formal form of multisector partnership in which government is involved, as opposed to less formal types, such as round tables, dialogues, and transnational networks.”
2. Evolusi Konsep
2.1 Dari Tradisi Sebelumnya
| Tradisi | Karakteristik | Limitasi |
|---|---|---|
| Traditional Public Administration | Birokrasi hierarkis, aturan kaku | Rigid, lambat, tidak responsif |
| New Public Management | Manajemen berbasis pasar, outsourcing | Fragmentasi, hilangnya public value |
| Collaborative Governance | Kolaborasi lintas sektor, konsensus | Kompleks, butuh waktu, akuntabilitas |
2.2 Evolusi Akademis
| Periode | Pengembang | Kontribusi |
|---|---|---|
| 1990-an | Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff | Triple Helix sebagai basis kolaborasi |
| 2000-an awal | Ansell & Gash | Model kontingensi CG berdasarkan 137 kasus |
| 2010-an | Emerson, Nabatchi & Balogh | Framework integratif CGR |
| 2015 | Emerson & Nabatchi | Buku Collaborative Governance Regimes |
| 2020-an | Xin et al. | Mechanism-based TH untuk sustainability |
2.3 Dari Network Governance ke Collaborative Governance
| Aspek | Network Governance | Collaborative Governance |
|---|---|---|
| Fokus | Struktur jaringan | Proses kolaborasi |
| Aktor | Nodes & edges | Stakeholder yang terlibat aktif |
| Keputusan | Koordinasi melalui jaringan | Konsensus-oriented deliberation |
| Akuntabilitas | Hierarki akuntabilitas | Shared accountability |
| Outcome | Service delivery | Public value creation |
3. Ciri-Ciri Fundamental
3.1 Enam Ciri Utama (Sintesis dari Literatur)
- Cross-Boundary — Melintasi batas sektor (publik-privat-sipil), tingkat pemerintahan, dan organisasi
- Consensus-Oriented — Berorientasi pada konsensus meskipun tidak selalu tercapai
- Formal Process — Proses terorganisasi formal, bukan informal
- Public Purpose — Bertujuan mencapai tujuan publik
- Joint Decision-Making — Keputusan dibuat bersama, bukan secara sepihak
- Iterative — Proses bersifat siklus/iteratif, bukan linier
3.2 Perbedaan dengan Pendekatan Lain
| Pendekatan | Inisiasi | Partisipasi | Fokus | Proses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adversarialism | Konflik | Antagonis | Winner-take-all | Konfrontasi |
| Managerialism | Pemerintah | Konsultasi | Expertise | Top-down |
| Collaborative Governance | Pemerintah + Non-state | Aktif & langsung | Konsensus | Iteratif & deliberatif |
4. Domain Implementasi
4.1 Sektor yang Menggunakan CG
| Sektor | Contoh Implementasi |
|---|---|
| Lingkungan | Manajemen sumber daya alam, climate change adaptation |
| Kesehatan | Public health policy, pandemic response |
| Pendidikan | STEM education, curriculum development |
| Urban Planning | Smart cities, community development |
| Teknologi | Innovation ecosystems, technology transfer |
| Pertahanan | Disaster response, community resilience |
4.2 Skala Implementasi
| Skala | Contoh |
|---|---|
| Lokal | Community-based collaboratives |
| Regional | Interstate river basin commissions |
| Nasional | Federal interagency collaboration |
| Internasional | Transnational networks |
5. Sumber Literatur Utama
| No | Judul | Penulis | Tahun | Sumber |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice | Ansell & Gash | 2008 | JPART |
| 2 | An Integrative Framework for Collaborative Governance | Emerson, Nabatchi & Balogh | 2012 | JPART |
| 3 | Collaborative Governance Regimes (Buku) | Emerson & Nabatchi | 2015 | Georgetown University Press |
| 4 | Collaborative Governance | Ansell | 2012 | Oxford Handbook |
| 5 | Collaborative Governance (Encyclopedia) | — | 2016 | Oxford Research Encyclopedia |
| 6 | Network Governance and Collaborative Governance | Wang | 2021 | Taylor & Francis |
| 7 | Collaborative Governance and Conflict Management | Fisher et al. | 2019 | Columbia University |
| 8 | Participation and Collaborative Governance | Bouckaert | 2025 | Revista del CLAD |
| 9 | Challenges of Collaborative Governance | — | 2019 | Econstor |
| 10 | Towards a Progressive Model of CG | — | 2022 | Community Platform |