Model Teoritis Collaborative Governance
Model Teoritis Collaborative Governance
1. Model Ansell & Gash (2008) β Contingency Model
1.1 Overview
Ansell & Gash melakukan meta-analisis 137 kasus collaborative governance dari berbagai sektor kebijakan untuk mengembangkan model kontingensi CG.
Sumber: Ansell, C. & Gash, A. (2008). βCollaborative Governance in Theory and Practice.β Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543-571.
1.2 Empat Variabel Utama
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
β MODEL ANSELL & GASH β
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ€
β β
β βββββββββββββββββββββ βββββββββββββββββββββ β
β β STARTING β β INSTITUTIONAL β β
β β CONDITIONS β β DESIGN β β
β β β β β β
β β β’ Prehistory of β β β’ Clear rules β β
β β conflict/coop β β β’ Inclusive β β
β β β’ Power/resource β β participation β β
β β imbalances β β β’ Forum ownership β β
β β β’ Incentives β β β’ Flexibility β β
β β to participate β β β β
β ββββββββββ¬βββββββββββ ββββββββββ¬βββββββββββ β
β β β β
β βΌ βΌ β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ β
β β COLLABORATIVE PROCESS β β
β β β β
β β ββββββββββββ ββββββββββββ βββββββββββββ β
β β β Face-to- ββββΆβ Trust ββββΆβCommitmentββ β
β β β Face β β Building β β to Pro- ββ β
β β β Dialogue β β β β cess ββ β
β β ββββββββββββ ββββββββββββ βββββββββββββ β
β β β² β β β
β β β ββββββββββββββββ β β β
β β β β Shared ββββββββ β β
β β βββββββ Understandingβ β β
β β β + Commitment β β β
β β ββββββββββββββββ β β
β β β β β
β β βΌ β β
β β Intermediate Outcomes β β
β β (Small Wins) β β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ β
β β β
β βΌ β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ β
β β FACILITATIVE LEADERSHIP β β
β β β β
β β β’ Mediation & facilitation β β
β β β’ Process management β β
β β β’ Conflict resolution β β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ β
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
1.3 Starting Conditions (Kondisi Awal)
| Variabel | Deskripsi | Dampak |
|---|---|---|
| Prehistory of Antagonism | Sejarah konflik atau kerjasama sebelumnya | Antagonisme tinggi β trust building lebih sulit |
| Power/Resource Asymmetries | Keseimbangan kekuasaan & sumber daya | Asimetris β aktor kuat bisa memanipulasi kolaborasi |
| Incentives for Participation | Insentif untuk berpartisipasi | Insentif rendah β partisipasi menurun |
| Knowledge | Pengetahuan tentang masalah | Pengetahuan terbatas β pemahaman bersama sulit |
1.4 Institutional Design (Desain Kelembagaan)
| Komponen | Deskripsi |
|---|---|
| Clear Ground Rules | Aturan dasar yang jelas |
| Inclusive Participation | Partisipasi inklusif |
| Process Rules | Aturan proses |
| Forum Ownership | Kepemilikan forum oleh peserta |
| Flexibility | Fleksibilitas dalam implementasi |
| Commitment to Process | Komitmen terhadap proses |
1.5 Collaborative Process (Proses Kolaborasi)
Siklus Iteratif (bukan linier):
- Face-to-Face Dialogue β Komunikasi langsung antar stakeholder
- Diperlukan untuk memecah stereotip dan hambatan komunikasi
- Inti dari proses membangun trust, mutual respect, shared understanding
-
βThick communicationβ memungkinkan identifikasi peluang mutual gain
-
Trust Building β Membangun kepercayaan
- Sering menjadi aspek paling menonjol di awal proses
- Khususnya sulit ketika ada prehistory antagonisme
-
Trust-building bukan fase terpisah dari dialogue dan negotiation
-
Commitment to the Process β Komitmen terhadap proses
- Diperlukan komitmen untuk tetap berpartisipasi
-
Dapat diperkuat oleh small wins dan intermediate outcomes
-
Shared Understanding β Pemahaman bersama
- Saling pengertian tentang masalah, tujuan, dan cara pencapaian
-
Berkembang melalui iterasi dialogue-trust-commitment
-
Intermediate Outcomes (Small Wins) β Hasil antara
- βSmall winsβ memperkuat virtuous cycle
- Joint fact finding sebagai contoh intermediate outcome
- Kritis untuk membangun momentum kolaborasi
1.6 Virtuous Cycle
Face-to-Face Dialogue
β
βΌ
Trust Building
β
βΌ
Commitment to Process
β
βΌ
Shared Understanding
β
βΌ
Intermediate Outcomes (Small Wins)
β
ββββββββββββΆ Kembali ke Dialogue (dengan trust lebih tinggi)
βWe found that a virtuous cycle of collaboration tends to develop when collaborative forums focus on βsmall winsβ that deepen trust, commitment, and shared understanding.β β Ansell & Gash, 2008
1.7 Facilitative Leadership
| Fungsi | Deskripsi |
|---|---|
| Mediation | Memediasi perbedaan kepentingan |
| Facilitation | Memfasilitasi proses dialog |
| Process Management | Mengelola proses kolaborasi |
| Conflict Resolution | Menyelesaikan konflik |
1.8 Tiga Core Contingencies
- Time β Kolaborasi membutuhkan waktu yang signifikan
- Trust β Trust adalah fondasi yang harus dibangun secara bertahap
- Interdependence β Saling ketergantungan antar aktor
2. Framework Integratif Emerson, Nabatchi & Balogh (2012)
2.1 Overview
Framework ini lebih luas dan kompleks dari model Ansell & Gash, mengintegrasikan berbagai perspektif teoretis ke dalam satu kerangka kerja.
Sumber: Emerson, K., Nabatchi, T. & Balogh, S. (2012). βAn Integrative Framework for Collaborative Governance.β Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(1), 1-29.
Citation Count: 6,398+ (hingga 2026)
2.2 Tiga Nested Dimensions
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
β SYSTEM CONTEXT β
β (Political, Legal, Socioeconomic, Environmental) β
β β
β ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ β
β β COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE REGIME (CGR) β β
β β β β
β β DRIVERS: β β
β β β’ Leadership β’ Consequential Incentives β β
β β β’ Interdependence β’ Uncertainty β β
β β β β
β β ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ β β
β β β COLLABORATIVE DYNAMICS β β β
β β β β β β
β β β ββββββββββββββββββββ β β β
β β β β PRINCIPLED β β β β
β β β β ENGAGEMENT β β β β
β β β β β β β β
β β β β β’ Discovery β β β β
β β β β β’ Definition β β β β
β β β β β’ Deliberation β β β β
β β β β β’ Determination β β β β
β β β ββββββββββ¬ββββββββββ β β β
β β β β β β β
β β β βΌ β β β
β β β ββββββββββββββββββββ ββββββββββββββββββββ β β β
β β β β SHARED β β CAPACITY FOR β β β β
β β β β MOTIVATION ββββΆβ JOINT ACTION β β β β
β β β β β β β β β β
β β β β β’ Mutual Trust β β β’ Protocols β β β β
β β β β β’ Internal Valid.β β β’ Procedures β β β β
β β β β β’ Shared Com. β β β’ Resources β β β β
β β β β β’ Commitment β β β’ Autonomy β β β β
β β β ββββββββββββββββββββ ββββββββββββββββββββ β β β
β β ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ β β
β β β β
β β COLLABORATIVE ACTIONS β β
β β β Outcomes (Impact) β β
β β β Adaptation (Transformation) β β
β ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ β
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
2.3 System Context
Fungsi: Menghasilkan opportunities dan constraints yang mempengaruhi dinamika kolaborasi
| Elemen | Deskripsi |
|---|---|
| Political | Kebijakan politik, kekuasaan, legitimasi |
| Legal | Kerangka hukum, regulasi |
| Socioeconomic | Kondisi sosial-ekonomi, ketidaksetaraan |
| Environmental | Lingkungan fisik, sumber daya alam |
| Other Influences | Budaya, teknologi, sejarah |
2.4 Drivers (Pendorong)
| Driver | Deskripsi | Fungsi |
|---|---|---|
| Leadership | Kepemimpinan visioner | Menginisiasi dan mengarahkan CGR |
| Consequential Incentives | Insentif konsekuensial | Mengurangi biaya formative collective action |
| Interdependence | Saling ketergantungan | Menciptakan kebutuhan akan kolaborasi |
| Uncertainty | Ketidakpastian | Mendorong pencarian solusi bersama |
2.5 Collaborative Governance Regime (CGR)
Definisi: βA particular mode of, or system for, public decision making in which cross-boundary collaboration represents the prevailing pattern of behavior and activity.β
Konsep Kunci: - Istilah βregimeβ mengacu pada Krasner (1983): βsets of implicit and explicit principles, rules, norms, and decision-making procedures around which actorsβ expectations converge in a given areaβ - CGR menekankan stabilitas dan formalisasi yang cukup untuk komitmen nyata
2.6 Collaborative Dynamics (3 Komponen Interaktif)
A. Principled Engagement
| Elemen Proses | Deskripsi |
|---|---|
| Discovery | Mengidentifikasi dan mengeksplorasi masalah, kepentingan, dan peluang |
| Definition | Mendefinisikan masalah, tujuan, dan agenda kolaborasi |
| Deliberation | Berdiskusi dan mengevaluasi opsi kebijakan |
| Determination | Memutuskan arah tindakan dan komitmen |
Sifat: Proses bersifat iteratif dan siklus, bukan linier
B. Shared Motivation
| Elemen | Deskripsi |
|---|---|
| Mutual Trust | Kepercayaan timbal balik antar aktor |
| Internal Legitimacy | Legitimasi internal dari proses kolaborasi |
| Shared Commitment | Komitmen bersama terhadap tujuan |
| Mutual Understanding | Pemahaman bersama tentang masalah dan solusi |
Sifat: Lebih seperti βstatesβ (keadaan) daripada βprocessesβ (proses)
C. Capacity for Joint Action
| Elemen | Deskripsi |
|---|---|
| Protocols & Procedures | Protokol dan prosedur untuk aksi bersama |
| Resources | Sumber daya untuk implementasi |
| Autonomy | Otonomi aktor dalam kontribusi |
| Organizational Design | Desain organisasi pendukung |
2.7 Collaborative Actions β Outcomes β Adaptation
Collaborative Actions
β
ββββΆ Outcomes (Impact on the ground)
β β
β ββββΆ Adaptation (Transformation)
β
ββββΆ Feedback ke System Context & CGR
2.8 Sepuluh Propositions
| No | Proposition | Deskripsi |
|---|---|---|
| P1 | Drivers β CGR | Driver yang memadai diperlukan untuk menginisiasi CGR |
| P2 | System Context β Drivers | System context mempengaruhi kekuatan driver |
| P3 | Drivers β Dynamics | Driver mempengaruhi kualitas collaborative dynamics |
| P4 | Principled Engagement β Shared Motivation | Principled engagement membangun shared motivation |
| P5 | Principled Engagement β Capacity | Principled engagement membangun capacity for joint action |
| P6 | Shared Motivation β Capacity | Shared motivation memperkuat capacity for joint action |
| P7 | Capacity β Actions | Capacity for joint action menghasilkan collaborative actions |
| P8 | Actions β Outcomes | Collaborative actions menghasilkan outcomes |
| P9 | Outcomes β Adaptation | Outcomes mendorong adaptation |
| P10 | Adaptation β System Context | Adaptation mempengaruhi system context |
2.9 Integrasi dengan Teori Lain
Framework integratif ini mengintegrasikan:
| Teori | Kontribusi ke CG |
|---|---|
| New Institutionalism | Norma, aturan, dan prosedur |
| Social Network Studies | Struktur jaringan dan hubungan |
| Advocacy Coalition Framework | Koalisi kebijakan dan keyakinan |
| Negotiation Theory | Proses negosiasi dan penyelesaian konflik |
| Performance Literature | Pengukuran kinerja dan akuntabilitas |
3. Perbandingan Dua Framework
| Aspek | Ansell & Gash (2008) | Emerson et al. (2012) |
|---|---|---|
| Pendekatan | Meta-analisis 137 kasus | Integrasi multi-teori |
| Fokus | Kondisi kontingensi keberhasilan | Mekanisme dinamis CGR |
| Variabel Utama | Starting conditions, institutional design, leadership, process | System context, drivers, CGR, dynamics, actions |
| Proses | Siklus (iterative) | Nested dimensions (berlapis) |
| Scale | Mikro-meso | Meso-makro |
| Outcome Focus | Process outcomes | Impact & adaptation |
| Kekuatan | Praktis, aplikatif | Komprehensif, teoretis |
| Limitasi | Kurang memperhatikan konteks | Kompleks untuk implementasi |
4. Collaborative Governance & Triple Helix
4.1 Interseksi CG-TH
| Dimensi CG | Dimensi TH | Interseksi |
|---|---|---|
| Cross-boundary | University-Industry-Government | Kolaborasi lintas sektor |
| Consensus-oriented | Knowledge Space | Konsensus dalam produksi pengetahuan |
| Public purpose | Innovation Space | Tujuan publik dalam inovasi |
| Formal process | Consensus Space | Proses formal dalam negosiasi |
4.2 CG sebagai Mekanisme Koordinasi TH
Triple Helix (Struktur)
β
βββ University βββββββ
β β
βββ Industry βββββββββΌβββΆ Collaborative Governance (Proses)
β β β
βββ Government βββββββ βΌ
Joint Decision-Making
β
βΌ
Public Value Creation
4.3 Relevansi untuk STEM Talent Governance
- Fragmentasi β CG menjembatani fragmentasi kebijakan antar kementerian
- Partisipasi β CG memastikan partisipasi aktif industri dan akademisi
- Konsensus β CG mencapai konsensus tentang standar dan kurikulum
- Akuntabilitas β CG membangun mekanisme akuntabilitas bersama
- Adaptasi β CG memungkinkan adaptasi kebijakan secara berkala
5. Sumber Referensi
| No | Judul | Penulis | Tahun | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice | Ansell & Gash | 2008 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1271032 |
| 2 | An Integrative Framework for Collaborative Governance | Emerson, Nabatchi & Balogh | 2012 | https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article/22/1/1/944908 |
| 3 | Collaborative Governance Regimes (Buku) | Emerson & Nabatchi | 2015 | https://press.georgetown.edu/Book/Collaborative-Governance-Regimes |
| 4 | Collaborative Governance (Handbook) | Ansell | 2012 | https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560530.013.0035 |
| 5 | Collaborative Governance (Encyclopedia) | β | 2016 | https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1419 |
| 6 | Collaborative Governance and Conflict Management | Fisher et al. | 2019 | https://ac4.climate.columbia.edu/sites/ac4.climate.columbia.edu/files/content/2019%20Fisher%20et%20al.%20-%20Collaborative%20Governance%20and%20Conflict%20Management%20Lessons%20Learned%20and%20Good%20Practices%20from%20a%20Case%20Study%20in%20the%20Amazon%20Basin.pdf |