Definisi dan Konsep Inti Triple Helix
Definisi dan Konsep Inti Triple Helix
1. Definisi Resmi
1.1 Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff (1995, 2000)
“The Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations is a model for knowledge-based economic development in which university, industry, and government interact to foster innovation and economic growth.”
Sumber: Etzkowitz, H. & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). “The Dynamics of Innovation: From National Systems and ‘Mode 2’ to a Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations.” Research Policy, 29(2), 109-123.
1.2 Oxford Encyclopedia of Politics (2016)
“Triple helix refers to government-university-industry interactions for promoting economic and social development.”
Sumber: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics.
1.3 Cai & Etzkowitz (2020)
“The Triple Helix model of innovation is used to foster regional economic growth and promote entrepreneurship, through understanding the dynamics of interactions between three institutional spheres of university, industry, and government.”
Sumber: Cai, Y. & Etzkowitz, H. (2020). “Theorizing the Triple Helix Model: Past, Present, and Future.” Triple Helix, 7(2), 189-226.
2. Asal-Usul dan Sejarah
2.1 Moment Penciptaan (1994)
- Pada pertemuan International Sociological Association tahun 1994, Leydesdorff mengundang Etzkowitz untuk mengajukan topik workshop di Amsterdam
- Etzkowitz mengusulkan tema tentang ekspansi hubungan university-industry menjadi university-industry-government
- Istilah “Triple Terinspirasi dari model DNA triple helix karya Linus Pauling (yang ditolak)
- “Society was more complex than biology and required a third helix to model innovation!”
2.2 Publikasi Pertama (1995)
Paper: “The Triple Helix—University-Industry-Government Relations: A Laboratory for Knowledge-Based Economic Development” - Diterbitkan di EASST Review, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 14-19 - Menjadi fondasi teoretis untuk seluruh field Triple Helix studies
2.3 Pengembangan Lanjutan
| Tahun | Milestone |
|---|---|
| 1995 | Paper pertama (EASST Review) |
| 1997 | Buku “The University in the Global Knowledge Economy” |
| 1998 | “The Endless Transition” (Minerva) |
| 2000 | “The Dynamics of Innovation” (Research Policy) — model matang |
| 2002 | “Innovation in Innovation” (Science & Public Policy) |
| 2008 | Buku “Triple Helix: University-Industry-Government Innovation in Action” |
| 2011 | Jurnal Triple Helix didirikan |
| 2017 | Edisi kedua buku (Etzkowitz & Zhou) |
| 2020 | “Theorizing the Triple Helix Model” (Cai & Etzkowitz) |
3. Tiga Sfera Institusional
3.1 Universitas
| Peran Tradisional | Peran dalam Triple Helix |
|---|---|
| Teaching | Teaching + Research + Entrepreneurship |
| Research dasar | Research terapan + Technology transfer |
| Cultural memory | Innovation + Economic development |
| Education | Incubation + Commercialization |
“The university has been transformed from a teaching institution into one which combines teaching with research, a revolution that is still ongoing.” — Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, 2000
3.2 Industri
| Peran Tradisional | Peran dalam Triple Helix |
|---|---|
| Produksi barang | Co-production of knowledge |
| Profit-oriented | R&D + Innovation |
| Market-driven | Collaboration dengan universitas |
| Individual firm | Network of firms + Clusters |
3.3 Pemerintah
| Peran Tradisional | Peran dalam Triple Helix |
|---|---|
| Regulasi | Public entrepreneur + Venture capitalist |
| Control | Facilitation + Enabling |
| Policy maker | Innovation policy + Funding |
| Rule setting | Platform creation + Coordination |
“Government acts as a public entrepreneur and venture capitalist in addition to its traditional regulatory role in setting the rules of the game.” — Etzkowitz, 2003
4. Enam Karakteristik Fundamental
4.1 Triadic Interaction
- Interaksi tiga sfera (bilateral → trilateral)
- Setiap pasangan memiliki dinamika sendiri
- Ketiga interaksi menghasilkan overlay
4.2 Role Taking
“Each takes the role of the other”
- Universitas mengambil peran industri (entrepreneurial university)
- Industri mengambil peran universitas (corporate research)
- Pemerintah mengambil peran keduanya (public entrepreneur)
4.3 Hybrid Organizations
Organisasi hibrid yang muncul di batas antar sfera: - Technology Transfer Offices (TTO) - Science Parks - Incubators - Venture Capital Firms - Research Centers - Innovation Districts
4.4 Knowledge Infrastructure
- Sistem komunikasi dan ekspektasi tumpang tindih
- “Overlay of communications and expectations that reshape institutional arrangements”
- Knowledge-based coordination mechanisms
4.5 Reflexivity
- Sistem dapat merefleksikan dan mengubah dirinya sendiri
- “Participants and analysts use their system’s definition in studying and changing the system”
- Adaptasi berkelanjutan terhadap perubahan
4.6 Evolutionary Mechanism
- Perubahan bertahap melalui selection + variation + retention
- “A synthesis of evolution in the vertical axis and circulation in the horizontal”
- Lock-in dan path dependence
5. Perbandingan dengan Model Lain
5.1 vs National Systems of Innovation (NSI)
| Aspek | NSI (Lundvall, Nelson) | Triple Helix |
|---|---|---|
| Fokus | Firm sebagai pusat | University sebagai pusat |
| Level | Nasional | Multi-level |
| Pendekatan | Institusional | Fungsional + Institusional |
| Dinamika | Statis | Dinamis + Evolusioner |
| Inovasi | Firm-centered | Knowledge-based |
5.2 vs Mode 2 (Gibbons et al.)
| Aspek | Mode 2 | Triple Helix |
|---|---|---|
| Konteks | Knowledge production | Innovation system |
| Fokus | Research process | Institutional relations |
| Scope | Academic | Cross-sectoral |
| Level | Micro | Meso-Makro |
5.3 vs Triangle Model (Sábato)
| Aspek | Triangle (Sábato) | Triple Helix |
|---|---|---|
| Pusat | Negara (State) | University |
| Pendekatan | Top-down | Network overlay |
| Dinamika | Hierarkis | Horisontal + Vertikal |
| Inovasi | State-directed | Emergent + Self-organizing |
6. Prinsip-Prinsip Dasar
6.1 Knowledge-Based Economy
“The strength of economic development in the post industrial phase is more determined by socially organized knowledge, than by longer manufacturing activities.”
- Pengetahuan sebagai sumber utama nilai
- University sebagai produsen pengetahuan
- Transfer pengetahuan sebagai mekanisme kunci
6.2 Entrepreneurial University
- Universitas tidak hanya teaching & research tetapi juga entrepreneurship
- Technology transfer, incubation, commercialization
- “The entrepreneurial university takes a proactive stance in putting knowledge to use”
6.3 Innovation Ecosystem
- Ekosistem inovasi yang kompleks
- Interaksi antar aktor menghasilkan emergent properties
- “The network of university-industry-government relations continuously restructures the opportunity matrix”
6.4 Collaborative Governance
- Tata kelola kolaboratif lintas sektor
- Consensus-oriented decision making
- Shared responsibility and accountability
7. Daftar Pustaka
| No | Judul | Penulis | Tahun |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The Triple Helix—University-Industry-Government Relations | Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff | 1995 |
| 2 | The Dynamics of Innovation | Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff | 2000 |
| 3 | Triple Helix: University-Industry-Government Innovation in Action | Etzkowitz | 2008 |
| 4 | Theorizing the Triple Helix Model | Cai & Etzkowitz | 2020 |
| 5 | Innovation in Innovation | Etzkowitz | 2003 |
| 6 | The Triple Helix as a Model for Innovation Studies | Leydesdorff & Etzkowitz | 1998 |