Model Teoritis Triple Helix
Model Teoritis Triple Helix
1. Tiga Model Klasik (Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, 2000)
1.1 Triple Helix I: Statist Model
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ GOVERNMENT │
│ (Dominant Controller) │
│ │
│ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ │
│ │ UNIVERSITY│ │ INDUSTRY │ │
│ │ (Subordinat)│ │(Subordinat)│ │
│ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ │
│ │
│ Pemerintah mengendalikan dan │
│ mengarahkan interaksi │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘
Karakteristik: - Negara mengendalikan academia dan industry - Top-down implementation - Strong ties, integrated model - Contoh: Soviet Union, Eastern European countries, beberapa negara Latin Amerika
Kelebihan: - Koordinasi kuat - Resource mobilization cepat - Strategic direction jelas
Kekurangan: - Kurang fleksibel - Suppress academic freedom - Innovation terbatas oleh kebijakan negara
1.2 Triple Helix II: Laissez-Faire Model
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐│
│ │ UNIVERSITY│ │ INDUSTRY │ │GOVERNMENT││
│ │ │ │ │ │ ││
│ │ (Sendiri)│ │ (Sendiri)│ │(Sendiri) ││
│ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘│
│ │
│ Spheres terpisah dengan boundaries │
│ kuat, interaksi minimal │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘
Karakteristik: - Sfera terpisah dengan batas kuat - Interaksi hanya di tepi - Strong boundaries, limited collaboration - Contoh: Research 2000 Report (Sweden), AS sebelum GUIRR
Kelebihan: - Otonomi tinggi - Academic freedom terjaga - Market-driven efficiency
Kekurangan: - Fragmentasi - Duplikasi effort - Innovation gap antar sektor
1.3 Triple Helix III: Balanced Model (Hybrid)
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ ┌─────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ OVERLAPPING SPHERES │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ ┌─────┐ │ │
│ │ │ UNI │───┐ │ │
│ │ └──┬──┘ │ │ │
│ │ │ ┌───┴───┐ │ │
│ │ └──┤OVERLAP├──┐ │ │
│ │ └───┬───┘ │ │ │
│ │ ┌─────┐ │ ┌───┴───┐ │ │
│ │ │GOV │───┘ │ IND │ │ │
│ │ └─────┘ └───────┘ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ Hybrid organizations │ │
│ │ emerge at interfaces │ │
│ └─────────────────────────────┘ │
│ │
│ Setiap sfera mengambil peran │
│ sfera lain, organizational │
│ hybridization terjadi │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘
Karakteristik: - Sfera tumpang tindih - Each takes the role of the other - Hybrid organizations emerge - Knowledge infrastructure shared - “Begins from two opposing standpoints”
“The balanced model of Triple Helix begins from two opposing standpoints: a statist model of government controlling academia and industry, and a laissez-faire model with industry, academic and government separate and apart from each other.” — Etzkowitz, 2008: 12
Kelebihan: - Flexibility tinggi - Innovation melalui hybridization - Self-organizing capability - Best of both worlds
Kekurangan: - Complex untuk implementasi - Membutuhkan trust tinggi - Coordination costs besar
2. Perbandingan Tiga Model
| Aspek | Statist (TH I) | Laissez-Faire (TH II) | Balanced (TH III) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Driver | Government | Industry/Market | All three |
| Boundary | Blurred (negara kuat) | Strong (terpisah) | Overlapping |
| Interaksi | Top-down | Minimal | Network overlay |
| Innovation | State-directed | Market-driven | Emergent |
| Freedom | Terbatas | Tinggi | Balanced |
| Coordination | Command | None | Negotiated |
| Contoh | Soviet Union | Pre-GUIRR USA | MIT, Brainport |
| Best for | Mobilisasi cepat | Market efficiency | Knowledge economy |
3. Evolusi Triple Helix
3.1 Triple Helix 1.0 (1995-2000)
- Fokus: University-Industry-Government relations
- Model dasar: Three overlapping spheres
- Key concept: Knowledge-based economic development
3.2 Triple Helix 2.0 (2000-2010)
- Fokus: Entrepreneurial university
- Model: University as catalyst
- Key concept: Technology transfer, incubation
- Tambahan: Regional innovation systems
3.3 Triple Helix 3.0 (2010-sekarang)
- Fokus: Innovation ecosystem
- Model: Network of networks
- Key concept: Hybrid organizations, role taking
- Tambahan: Digital transformation, sustainability
4. Ekstensi: Quadruple Helix
4.1 Definisi (Carayannis & Campbell, 2009)
“The Quadruple Helix embeds the Triple Helix by adding as a fourth helix the ‘media-based and culture-based public’ and ‘civil society’.”
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ ┌──────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ TRIPLE HELIX │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ University ── Industry ── Government │ │
│ │ │ │
│ └──────────────────┬───────────────────────┘ │
│ │ │
│ ▼ │
│ ┌──────────────────┐ │
│ │ CIVIL SOCIETY │ │
│ │ (Media-based │ │
│ │ & Culture) │ │
│ └──────────────────┘ │
│ │
│ Knowledge Democracy + Knowledge Society │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
4.2 Prinsip
- Civil society sebagai aktor keempat
- Knowledge democracy
- Public participation in innovation
- Media and culture sebagai enabler
4.3 Relevansi
- User-driven innovation
- Open innovation
- Social innovation
- Democratic governance
5. Ekstensi: Quintuple Helix
5.1 Definisi (Carayannis & Campbell, 2010)
“The Quintuple Helix adds as fifth helix the natural environment, ‘where the environment or the natural environments represent the fifth helix’.”
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ QUADRUPLE HELIX │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ University ── Industry ── Government ── Public │ │
│ │ │ │
│ └──────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┘ │
│ │ │
│ ▼ │
│ ┌──────────────────┐ │
│ │ ENVIRONMENT │ │
│ │ (Natural │ │
│ │ Systems) │ │
│ └──────────────────┘ │
│ │
│ Sustainable Development + Social Ecology │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
5.2 Prinsip
- Environmental sustainability
- Natural systems as fifth helix
- Transdisciplinary analysis
- Sustainable development framework
5.3 Relevansi
- Green innovation
- Climate change mitigation
- Circular economy
- SDGs alignment
6. Neo-Triple Helix (Cai, 2022)
6.1 Integrasi Model
“This article proposes the neo-Triple Helix model of innovation ecosystems by integrating the Triple, Quadruple and Quintuple Helix models.”
- Mengintegrasikan TH, QH, dan 5H
- Ecosystem perspective
- Complexity and emergence
7. Mekanisme Evolusioner
7.1 Tiga Seleksi Mekanisme
| Mekanisme | Fungsi | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Market | Seleksi ekonomi | Demand, competition |
| Innovation | Seleksi teknologis | R&D, patents |
| Control | Seleksi institusional | Regulation, policy |
7.2 Co-Evolution
- Dua mekanisme bisa co-evolve menjadi trajectory
- Ketiga mekanisme menghasilkan regime
- Knowledge-based innovation mengganggu co-evolution
7.3 Lock-in dan Path Dependence
- Teknologi bisa lock-in ke institusi
- “Network externalities” menghasilkan path dependence
- Breakthrough membutuhkan intervention
8. Knowledge, Consensus, dan Innovation Spaces
8.1 Knowledge Space
- Produksi dan distribusi pengetahuan
- University sebagai knowledge producer
- Research dan education
8.2 Consensus Space
- Negosiasi dan agreement
- Policy formation
- Shared vision development
8.3 Innovation Space
- Commercialization
- Entrepreneurship
- Value creation
8.4 Interaksi Antar Space
Knowledge Space ←──→ Consensus Space
│ │
│ │
▼ ▼
Innovation Space ←──→ Market
9. Propositions Teoritis
| No | Proposition | Penulis |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | University memainkan enhanced role dalam innovation | Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff |
| 2 | Role taking menghasilkan hybrid organizations | Etzkowitz |
| 3 | Network overlay merekonstruksi institutional arrangements | Leydesdorff |
| 4 | Knowledge-based economy membutuhkan triple helix | Cai & Etzkowitz |
| 5 | Institutional logics mempengaruhi implementasi TH | Cai (2013) |
10. Sumber Referensi
| No | Judul | Penulis | Tahun |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The Dynamics of Innovation | Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff | 2000 |
| 2 | Triple Helix: University-Industry-Government Innovation in Action | Etzkowitz | 2008 |
| 3 | Theorizing the Triple Helix Model | Cai & Etzkowitz | 2020 |
| 4 | Innovation in Innovation | Etzkowitz | 2003 |
| 5 | The Triple Helix as a Model for Innovation Studies | Leydesdorff & Etzkowitz | 1998 |
| 6 | The Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations | Leydesdorff & Lawton Smith | 2011 |
| 7 | Triple Helix 2.0 | Etzkowitz | 2012 |
| 8 | Quadruple and Quintuple Helix | Carayannis & Campbell | 2009, 2010 |